| Components of landscape matrix | Ecological benefits | Socio-economic benefits | Implication for climate change adaptation |
| Bamboo tickets in the highland | -Regulate micro-climate | -Income generation | Builds resilience and adaptive capacity of people and ecosystems |
| -Reduce soil erosion | -House and fence construction | ||
| Eucalyptus woodlots | -Climate regulation | -Income generation | Builds resilience and adaptive capacity of people |
| -Fuelwood and poles | |||
| Agroforestry (Parkland and homestead) | -Carbon sequestration | -Improve food security by providing alternative food during drought | Builds resilience and adaptive capacity of people and ecosystems |
| -Increases soil fertility | -Income, fuelwood | ||
| -Increase agrobiodiversity | |||
| Forest patches in agricultural landscapes | -Regulate micro-climate | -Reduce erosion | Builds resilience and adaptive capacity of people and ecosystems |
| -Habitat provision | -Habitat for wildlife | ||
| Woodlands | -Regulate climate | -Fuelwood, NTFPs | Builds resilience and adaptive capacity of people and ecosystems |
| -Habitat provision | |||
| Mountain forests | -Regulate water quality and quantity | -Timber and NTFPs | Builds resilience and adaptive capacity of people and ecosystems |
| -Fuelwood | |||
| Managed farm plots | -Agricultural intensification rather than expansion which leads to deforestation | Boost food production and enhance food security | Builds resilience and adaptive capacity of people and ecosystems |