Variables	Modalities	Indicators
Independent Variable: Leadership styles	Contingency leadership	Flexibility in the use of leadership styles; leadership style used depends on the match between the leader’s subordinate factors (e.g., locus of control, experience, perceived ability) and the situation or environmental factors (e.g., task structure, formal authority system or position power, leader-member relations, social climate like strikes and wars, and weather condition).
	Democratic leadership	The leader facilitates organizational activities in consultation with the stakeholders (e.g., organizing meetings and listening to people’s problems/complaints, considering people’s complaints and suggestions, convincing people through the power of persuasion, negotiating and bargaining); group members can choose whom to work with and what task each will perform.
	Bureaucratic leadership	People are assigned to do tasks within their domain of competence; rules and regulations or procedures are strictly respected; there is strict respect for hierarchy; recruitment of professional managers and specialists/experts; granting instant authority to the professional managers; and those who respect rules and procedures are rewarded.
	Autocratic leadership	All group activities are organized and directed by the leader.
	Laissez-faire leadership	Avoiding to make decisions, abdicating responsibility, nonuse of authority.
	Competency leadership	Intellectual (IQ) (e.g., critical analysis and judgement, vision and imagination, strategic perspective); Managerial (MQ) (e.g., engaging communication, managing resources, empowering, developing, achieving); Emotional (EQ) (e.g., self-awareness, emotional resilience, motivation, sensitivity, influence, intuitiveness, conscientiousness).
	Behavior leadership	Concern 0for people or relationships, concern for production, use of authority, involvement of the team in decision making, involvement of the team in decision taking, flexibility versus the application of rules.
	Trait leadership	Problem solving ability, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, energy and initiative, communication, negotiating ability, technical knowledge, results orientation, perspective.
	Emotional intelligence leadership	Self-awareness (e.g., self-confidence, accurate self-awareness, emotional self-awareness), self-management (e.g., emotional self-control, transparency, adaptability, achievement, initiative, optimism), social awareness (e.g., empathy, organizational awareness, service), relationship management (e.g., team work and collaboration, building bonds, conflict management, developing others, change catalyst, influence).
	Charismatic leadership	Transactional (e.g., contingent rewards, management by exception), transformational (e.g., exhibition of charisma, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation), servant (e.g., empowering followers to exercise leadership in accomplishing the organization’s goals; leaders lead without dominating or controlling followers; leaders and followers work together in a mutually supportive environment in order to achieve organizational goals).
Dependent Variable: Project success	Success criteria	Time (e.g., respect for time and deadlines), cost (e.g., working according to the estimated cost/budget), quality (e.g., respecting the quality standards/specifications), client satisfaction, stakeholder satisfaction.
Dependent Variable: Project success	Critical success factors	Effective communications, clarity of overall mission and goals, team work, realistic time and cost estimates, schedules and plans or well-laid out specifications, competency of project personnel, monitoring and feedback, technical tasks or appropriate technology, adequate resources, top management support, client satisfaction or acceptance, effective consultations with stakeholders, risk management, troubleshooting or problem solving, standards and regulations, client involvement, project manager’s authority, external factors (sociopolitical crisis e.g., war, strike actions; government regulation).