Morbidity and Mortality

Group

p^*

Laparoscopic (n = 35)

Training (n = 30)

Robotic (n = 65)

Intra-Operative Complication

Open Conversion

12 (34.2)

4 (20.0)

3 (4.6)

<0.01

Postoperative Morbidity

7 (20.0)

8 (40.0)

16 (24.2)

0.80

Local

Hematoma

1 (2.9)

-

-

0.35

Wound Infection

-

-

-

1

Anastomotic Leak

-

2 (6.7)

-

1

Intraperitoneal Abscess

-

-

-

1

Bowel Obstruction

-

1 (3.3)

2 (3.1)

0.54

Intraperitoneal Bleeding

-

-

-

1

Anastomotic Stenosis

-

-

-

1

Anastomotic Bleeding

1 (2.9)

1 (3.3)

2 (3.1)

1

Systemic

Atelectasis

-

-

1 (1.5)

1

Anemia Requiring Transfusion

-

-

2 (3.1)

1

Ileus

4 (11.4)

2 (6.7)

3 (4.6)

0.24

Urinary Retention

-

-

-

1

Pneumonia

-

-

1 (1.5)

1

Pulmonary Embolism

-

-

-

1

Pulmonary Edema

-

-

1 (1.5)

1

Cardiac Arrest

-

-

1 (1.5)

1

ICU Care

1 (2.9)

-

1 (1.5)

1

Mortality

-

-

1 (1.5)

1

Reoperation

-

2 (6.7)

1 (1.5)

1