Array types

Measured potential

Advantages

Disadvantages

ρ = 2 π V I a

High signal strength;

Sensitive vertical variations

Poor horizontal coverage

Less sensitive to 3D structures

High voltage

ρ = π V I n ( n + 1 ) a

Sensitive vertical variations

Better resolution for shallow

Poor horizontal coverage

ρ = 2 π V I n ( n + 1 ) a

Better target detection

Suitable for targeting deep

Good horizontal coverage

High signal strength

Less sensitivity

Better data resolution

Many near-to-zero potential values

Singularity problem in data acquisition

Complicate the inter-pretation

ρ = π V I n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) a

Better target detection

Satisfies reciprocity

No remote-electrode effects

Very sensitive to horizontal variations

Easy acquisition of field data in built-up areas.

Most sensitive

array to 3D structure

Insensitive to vertical variations

Many near-to-zero potential values

Singularity problem in data acquisition

Decrease in signal strength with

Often suffer from a poor signal-to-noise ratio

Pole-pole

Widest horizontal coverage

Deepest depth of investigation

Poorest resolution

Remote-electrode effects

Other electric sources can easily affect the data

All the data do not meet reciprocity

Systematic error into the inversion