Soil parameter

Ungrazed area

Least grazed area

Moderately grazed area

Heavily grazed area

ANOVA

Organic carbon (%)

16.71 ± 0.609^a

11.30 ± 1.28^b

13.69 ± 0.95^b

13.52 ± 1.28^b

F = 7.12, df = 39, P = 0.0011

Phosphorus (%)

0.15 ± 0.02^a

0.22 ± 0.015^b

0.16 ± 0.04^b

0.32 ± 0.01^c

F = 30.88, df = 39, P < 0.0001

Nitrogen (%)

0.96 ± 0.04^a

0.63 ± 0.07^b

0.72 ± 0.051^b

0.71 ± 0.06^b

F = 7.12, df = 39, F = 0.0011

CEC (meq/100g)

121.22 ± 4.28^a

97.05 ± 4.78^b

96.74 ± 5.28^b

88.45 ± 3.81^b

F = 11.21, df = 39, p = 0.0001

SAS (%)

76.13 ± 1.68^a

77.23 ± 1.96^a

68.19 ± 2.39^b

64.34 ± 0.76^b

F = 10.78, df = 39, p < 0.0001

Soil fungal density

×10⁵ (cfu/g dwt)

4.86 ± 0.31^a

3.47 ± 0.23^b

1.54 ± 0.27^c

0.25 ± 0.02^d

F = 71.41, df = 39, P < 0.0001