Variable Name

Variable Symbol

Relative growth rate of low -skilled labor wages Low_urbanwage

(1)

Fixed Effects

(2)

System GMM

(3)

One-step differential GMM

The first-order lag term of relative wage growth in manufacturing

L1.Low_urbanwage

−0.125**

(0.057)

−0.067

(0.042)

Number of industrial robots

lnR

−0.008

(0.014)

0.044

(0.123)

0.008

(0.006)

Manufacturing labor productivity growth rate

Low_lpd

−0.197***

(0.041)

−0.249***

(0.052)

−0.212***

(0.037)

Constant term

_cons

−0.475

(0.289)

Year fixed effects and control variables

control

control

control

Adjusted R²

adj.R²

0.510

Observations

N

240

180

210