Variable Name

Variable Symbol

Skill-based Wage Gap w

(1)

One-step differential GMM

(2)

Two-step differential woGMM

(3)

System GMM

Skill-based Wage Gap

first-order lag term

L1.w

0.399***

(0.139)

0.441***

(0.156)

0.823***

(0.068)wo

Number of industrial robots

lnR

0.342***

(0.468)

0.280***

(0.566)

0.325***

(0.041)

Skill-based structure of Labor supply

SHL

2.334*

(1.350)

1.675

(1.287)

−0.372

(1.186)

Export

exp

−0.677

(0.450)

0.247

(1.201)

-0.151

(0.127)

Foreign direct investment

fdi

−0.004

(0.043)

0.005

(0.039)

0.017

(0.021)

Fixed asset investment

lngdk

−0.217

(0.170)

−0.288

(0.177)

−0.134

(0.072)

Proportion of state-owned economy

mon

−0.063

(0.452)

0.026

(0.268)

0.111

(0.061)

Industrial structure

lnst

−1.063

(1.539)

2.636

(5.829)

−0.120

(0.205)

Population structure (aging situation)

old

−0.367

(0.339)

−0.136

(0.729)

−0.421

(0.035)

Observations

N

240

240

240

Individual, year fixed effects

control

control

control

Prob > chi²

0.000

0.000

0.000

AR(1)_P

0.000

0.000

0.000

AR(2)_P

0.250

0.454

0.391

Sargan_P

0.113

0.113

0.119

Hansen

-

0.998

-