Measuring impact of SE

Double bottom line

Triple bottom line

Quadruple bottom line

Core idea

1. To attain financial profit measure their fiscal performance in terms of positive social impact.

1. To attain “social, economic and environmental (or political)” goals.

1. To attain “social, economic, environmental political (or spiritual)” goals.

Challenges & difficulties

1. Management conflict

2. Mission drift (Eikenberry and Kluver, 2004)

3. Legitimacy crisis (Dart, 2004)

1. Management conflict

2. Mission drift

(Eikenberry and Kluver, 2004)

3. Legitimacy crisis (Dart, 2004)

4. Independence crisis

(Borzaga and Santuari, 2003) [29]

5. Difficulty in quantifying social, and environmental aspects. (Norman and Macdonald, 2004)

1. Difficulty in quantifying social, political, environmental, cultural, and spiritual aspects.

Emerging

entrepreneurship

1. Business Entrepreneur (Schumpeter, 1934 [26] ; Drucker, 1985)

2. Nonprofit Entrepreneur (Skloot, 1988) [27]

3. Social Entrepreneur (Drayton, 2006) [28]

1. Ecopreneur (Bennett, 1991; Dixon and Cliffors, 2007; Ivanko and Kivirist, 2008) [30]

1. Cultural entrepreneur

(DiMaggio, 1982) [32]

2. Spiritual Entrepreneur (Morgen, 2007) [33]

3. Citizen entrepreneur

(Ballum, 2010) [34]

Efforts in sustainability

Mostly applied by enterprises in the form of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

The sustainability approach undamentally using the triple bottom line (economic, social and environmental). (Elkington, 1998; UN, 1987) [31]

Advocated with social, economic and cultural sustainability, holistically joining environmental sustainability in planning and decision-making. (The City of Norwood Payneham & St. Peters, 2013) [35]