| Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Age (years) |
|
| <0.01 |
| 18 - 49 | 1 |
|
|
| ≥50 | 2.46 | 1.80 - 3.38 |
|
| Gender |
|
| 0.05 |
| Female | 1 |
|
|
| Male | 1.54 | 1.11 - 3.42 |
|
| Diabetes duration (years) |
|
| <0.01 |
| <10 | 1 |
|
|
| ≥10 | 2.04 |
|
|
| Familial history of DKD |
|
| 0.02 |
| No | 1 |
|
|
| Yes | 1.83 | 1.15 - 4.28 |
|
| Smoking |
|
| 0.18 |
| No | 1 |
|
|
| Yes | 1.30 | 0.43 - 5.01 |
|
| Physical inactivity |
|
| 0.35 |
| No | 1 |
|
|
| Yes | 1.02 | 0.54 - 1.51 |
|
| Hypertension |
|
| <0.01 |
| No | 1 |
|
|
| Yes | 1.96 | 1.21 - 6.99 |
|
| Waist circumference (cm) |
|
| 0.05 |
| <88 | 1 |
|
|
| ≥88 | 1.54 | 1.09 - 4.39 |
|
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) |
|
| 0.27 |
| <25 | 1 |
|
|
| 25 - 29.9 | 1.98 | 0.70 - 5.36 |
|
| ≥30 | 1.55 | 0.68 - 2.81 |
|
| Total cholesterol (g/L) |
|
| 0.61 |
| <2 | 1 |
|
|
| ≥2 | 1.72 | 0.92 - 4.25 |
|
| Glycated haemoglobin (%) |
|
| 0.36 |
| <7 | 1 |
|
|
| 7 - 8 | 1.29 | 0.59 - 3.80 |
|
| >9 | 1.07 | 0.60 - 2.53 |
|