REFERENCES

PATIENTS

N˚ SCREWS

RESULTS

1. Suk, SE-II. et al.

(Case-control) (2001)

432 (Freehand)

4604

(Thoracic pedicle screws)

· Inadequate positioning of 67 screws from 48 patients

· 35 screw loosenings

· 4 patients with neurological complications

· 11 intraoperative pedicle fractures

· 9 postoperative infections

· 1 pneumothorax

· There was no vascular or visceral injury

· 1 re-approached

2. Vecina, E et al.

(Cross-section study) (2008)

40

228 (116 thoracic and 112 lumbar)

· 8.63 of the thoracic and 5.36 of the lower back with poor positioning.

· There was no neurological, vascular, visceral complication.

3. Verma, R. et al. (systematic review and meta-analysis)

(2010)

719 Navigation

569 not Navigation

3555 Navigation

2437not Navigation

· 612 badly positioned screws.

· In the unguided group (not Navigation) there were 13 cases of neurological complications.

· There were no reports of other complications.

4. Hicks JM. et al. (Systematic review) (2010)

1666

4570

· Poor positioning of 717 of the thoracic screws.

· 11 underwent reoperation for correction, and 10 cases with vascular complication.

· 04 cases with neurological complication

5. Gelalis, I.D. et al. (Systematic review) (2012)

1105 patients

Freehand: 2412 screws in 362 patients

CT navigation: 1902 screws in 313 patients

Fluoroscopic navigation: 668 screws in 107 patients

· Freehand: 2 L5 root irritation, 1 headache, and paresis

· Fluoroscopy: 8-degree neurological deficit

· 3 resolved symptoms without surgery

· 5 required surgery

· Tc navigation: 6 transient sciatic pain, 2 dysesthesia – 5 resolved, 1 reoperation

6. Ringel F. et al. (Randomized prospective study) (2012)

60

Freehand: 67

Robot: 68

· Freehand: 1 with poor positioning requiring reapproach due to radicular pain

· ROBOT: 10 converts

7. Dede O. et al. (Retrospective case series) (2014)

480

5923

· Poor positioning on 8 screws.

· 3 cases were reoperated.

· 3 neurological complications.

8. Sanchez JAS et al.

(Retrospectivo Cohort) 2015

125 (57 bilateral and 68 unilateral instrumentation)

470

· 427.33 screws without breaks

· 39.33: Rupture ≤ 2 mm

· 3.33: Rupture ≥ 3 mm

9. Zhao Q, et al. (Retrospective Cohort) (2018)

781

3124

· 46 complications, including:

ü 7 intraoperative complications

ü 3 guide wire break

ü 1 abdominal aorta injury

ü 3 extravasation of cerebrospinal fluid

10. Vardiman AB, et al. (Retrospective Cohort) (2020)

56

8 without robot

348 inserted by navigated robotic guidance

· 9 were repositioned

· 339 successful screw

· two complication: explatation of interbody and vacuum-assisted wound closure

11. Kwan MK et al. (Retrospective Study) (2021)

1057

The average number of screws used in each patient was 14.1 ± 2.4 screws

· 20 superficial infection

· 2 deep wound infection

· 1 transient neurological deficit

· 2 superior mesenteric artery syndrome

· 1 massive blood loss

· 1 generalized tonic - clonic seizure

· 1 lung atelectasis

12. Liang D et al. (meta -analysis) (2021)

272 minimally invasive percutaneous surgery

280 open surgery

Not mentioned

· Screw dislocation: 6 minimally invasive percutaneous surgery and 4 open surgery

· Infection: 6 minimally invasive percutaneos surgery and 5 open surgery