| Risk factors | Effective (N = 100) | Proportion (%) |
| Alcohol | 41 | 41 |
| Tobacco | 12 | 12 |
| Blood transfusion | 9 | 9 |
| Tattoo | 2 | 2 |
| Intravenous drug abuse | 1 | 1 |
| Surgical intervention | 23 | 23 |
| Dental care | 50 | 50 |
| Total | 100 | 100 |