Study

Dacosta 1999 [22]

Murshid et al. [23]

Hoyte et al. [7]

Study Design

Epidemiological survey

Cross-Sectional study

Epidemiological survey

Setting

Kaduna, Urban city in northern Nigeria

4 educational institutions

Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia, an urban city. Middle school students from government and private schools

High schools across Trinidad and Tobago (entire country)

Participants

11 - 18 years old

Both genders

Fulani ethnic tribe

Excluded was anyone with previous orthodontic treatment

13 - 15 years old

Both genders

No exclusion criteria reported

11 - 12 years old

Both genders

All ethnic groups

Excluded were participants with craniofacial anomaly and current or previous orthodontic treatment

Variables/Diagnostic criteria

Bimaxillary proclination

Bimaxillary protrusion

Bimaxillary proclination

Data sources/measurement

Clinical examination for proclined incisors

Clinical examination for protruded teeth and lip strain

Measured using a tooth inclination protractor

Study size

1028 Volunteers From 4 educational institutions of Fulani ethnic tribe

1024 Participants randomly selected. From participants referred for dental examination at screening clinics in the dental school

972 Sample size calculation was tabulated and volunteers from 41 high schools across the country

Statistical methods

Statistical methods described. No information on how missing data was addressed

Statistical methods described. No information on how missing data was addressed

Statistical methods described. Information on how missing data was addressed was given

Participants

Numbers at each stage were not reported

Numbers at each stage were not reported

Numbers at each stage reported

Descriptive data

Fulani ethnic tribe (predominant tribe) of varied socioeconomic background

Different socioeconomic background.

Rural and urban populations

Prevalence

3.7%

8%

68.8%