Study | Dacosta 1999 [22] | Murshid et al. [23] | Hoyte et al. [7] |
Study Design | Epidemiological survey | Cross-Sectional study | Epidemiological survey |
Setting | Kaduna, Urban city in northern Nigeria 4 educational institutions | Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia, an urban city. Middle school students from government and private schools | High schools across Trinidad and Tobago (entire country) |
Participants | 11 - 18 years old Both genders Fulani ethnic tribe Excluded was anyone with previous orthodontic treatment | 13 - 15 years old Both genders No exclusion criteria reported | 11 - 12 years old Both genders All ethnic groups Excluded were participants with craniofacial anomaly and current or previous orthodontic treatment |
Variables/Diagnostic criteria | Bimaxillary proclination | Bimaxillary protrusion | Bimaxillary proclination |
Data sources/measurement | Clinical examination for proclined incisors | Clinical examination for protruded teeth and lip strain | Measured using a tooth inclination protractor |
Study size | 1028 Volunteers From 4 educational institutions of Fulani ethnic tribe | 1024 Participants randomly selected. From participants referred for dental examination at screening clinics in the dental school | 972 Sample size calculation was tabulated and volunteers from 41 high schools across the country |
Statistical methods | Statistical methods described. No information on how missing data was addressed | Statistical methods described. No information on how missing data was addressed | Statistical methods described. Information on how missing data was addressed was given |
Participants | Numbers at each stage were not reported | Numbers at each stage were not reported | Numbers at each stage reported |
Descriptive data | Fulani ethnic tribe (predominant tribe) of varied socioeconomic background | Different socioeconomic background. | Rural and urban populations |
Prevalence | 3.7% | 8% | 68.8% |