Construction of terraces by using stones

“Maporomoko” in Pare language or land slide

Soil

Mwanga and Same study sites

Allocating forests for ritual ceremonies

“Mitaso” in Pare language or places for performing rituals to appease the dead

Forest and water

Rombo, Same and Mwanga study sites

Fines in kinds (cow, goats or sheep with honey beer)

“Mahaani” in Pare language or fines in kind

Water, soil, forests and other resources

All study sites (Rombo. Hai, Same, Mwanga, Moshi rural)

Reforestation by planting local trees (Mifumo and Mikuyu)

“Panda miti” or reforestation

Soil, water and forest

All study sites (Rombo. Siha Hai, Same, Mwanga, Moshi rural & Moshi urban)

Both fallowing by leaving the land idle to regain fertility

“Kulazashamba” or fallow

Soil

All study sites (Rombo. Siha Hai, Same, Mwanga, Moshi rural & Moshi urban)

Ant poaching

“Ngoloshoi” in Chagga language

or prohibition of poaching

Wildlife

Siha, Hai, Rombo and Same study site

Beekeeping

Forest

Siha, Mwanga, Rombo and Same

Threats and taboos

Water and forest

All study sites (Rombo. Siha Hai, Same, Mwanga, Moshi rural & Moshi urban)

Strip terraces and planting guatemala graces

Soil

All study sites (Rombo. Siha Hai, Same, Mwanga, Moshi rural & Moshi urban)

Construction of ridges

“Matuta or Mfuloi” for Chagga language or ridges

Soil

Moshi rural, Siha, Hai and Rombo study sites

Growing grasses and Trees

“Ihaninyika” in Pare language or indigenous forest

Soil

Moshi rural, Siha, Hai and Rombo study sites