Variable

Mean

SD

Maximum possible

Nonword in Japanese

17.77

3.975

24

Phonological awareness in Japanese

Extraction

4.86

.484

5

Replacement

4.14

1.313

5

Backward repetition

2.27

1.638

5

After standardization

0

1.664

2

Nonword in English

4.11

3.077

20

Phonological awareness in English

13.76

3.081

16

Vocabulary

28.13

9.579

68