| SL No. | Author name & Year | Country | Name of the research article | Study design | Traits of the population | Outcome measurements | Finding | |
| 1 | Ghasemi et al. (2016) | Iran | The relation between sacral angle and vertical angle of sacral curvature and lumbar disc degeneration | A cross sectional (case-control) | Total of 463 (male 228 and female 235) | MRI report | Did not find any significant correlation between vertical angle of sacral curvature and LDH in lumbosacral MRI. Also, SA is not an independent risk factor for LDH in men and women. | |
| 2 | Kanat et al. (2012) | Türkiye | Introducing a New Risk Factor for Lumbar Disc Herniation in Females: Vertical Angle of the Sacral Curvature | A cross sectional study | Total of 128 (male 34 and female 94) | X-ray and MRI report | The vertical angle of sagittal sacral curvature may be another risk factor in females with lumbar disc herniations. | |
| 3 | Gao et al. (2021) | China | Analysis of Sagittal profile and radiographic parameters in symptomatic thoracolumbar disc herniation patients | A experimental study | Total of 70 | Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays and MRI | Two distinctive sagittal profiles in Thoraco-Lumbar Disc Herniation (TLDH) patients, and a regional kyphotic deformity with a balanced spine was validated in both subtypes (type I: Normal population, type II: Disc herniated population). | |
| 4 | Rajnics et al. (2012) | France | The importance of spinopelvic parameters in patients with lumbar disc lesions | A cross sectional study | Total of 50 (male 28 and female 22) | X-ray report | The anterior shift of the line of gravity may cause spinopelvic instability and contraction of the posterior spinal muscles in trying to balance this disturbed spatial relationship may produce back pain. | |
| 5 | Chen et al. (2021) | China | Morphology of the lumbar multifidus muscle and in lumbar disc herniation at different durations and at different ages | A cross sectional study | Total of 327 (male 178 and female 149) | 1) The extent and activity level were evaluated by VAS and JOA 2) CT images (Lumbar multifidus) were obtained by a soft tissue window | Two distinctive sagittal profiles in TLDH patients, and a regional kyphotic deformity with a balanced spine was validated in both subtypes (type I: Normal population, type II: LDH). | |
| 6 | Kuai et al. (2012) | China | The effect of Lumbar disc herniation on musculoskeletal loadings in the spinal region during level walking and stair climbing | A cross sectional study | Total of 33 (male 33) | EMG (electromyography) | LDH patients exhibited different kinetic alternations during level walking and stair climbing and extra burdens to the trunk system and further increased the risk for development of LDH | |
| 7 | Choi et al. (2022) | China | Psoas muscle measurement as a predictor of recurrent lumbar disc herniation | A retrospective study | Total of 49 (male 22 and female 27) | T2 axial preoperative magnetic resonance images at L2 - L3, L3 - L4, and L4 - L5 disc levels to represent muscle mass | In middle-aged and elderly patients with LDH, relatively younger age, segmental instability, and greater psoas muscle mass may be risk factors for recurrence. | |
| 8 | Van et al. (2012) | Netherlands | Fear of movement in pre-operative patients with a lumbar stenosis and or herniated disc: Factor structure of the Tampa scale of kinesiophobia | A cross sectional study | Total of 128 (male 63 and female 65) | TSK 17 | Half of the patients suffered from kinesiophobia 10 - 34 months after surgery for LDH. These patients were more disabled, pain, catastrophizing thoughts, symptoms of depression and poorer health-related QL than patients without kinesiophobia. | |
| 9 | Svensson et al. (2022) | Sweden | High degree of kinesiophobia after lumbar disc herniation surgery | A retrospective study | Total of 84 (male 84) | TSK, ODI, EQ-5D, VAS, ZDS, SES | In middle-aged and elderly patients with LDH, relatively younger age, segmental instability, and greater psoas muscle mass may be risk factors for recurrence. | |
| 10 | Yilmaz et al. (2018) | Türkiye | The effect of Functional disability and quality of life on decision to have surgery in patients with lumbar disc herniation | A cross sectional study | Total of 239 (male 101 and female 138) | SBAQ, VAS, ODI, RMDQ, SF-36 | Patients with LDH who have been referred for surgery experience high functional disability and pain and a poor QoL, and that these factors have an impact on their decision to have surgery process. | |
| 11 | Alshammari et al. (2022) | Saudi Arabia | Correlation between pain, disability and levels of disc herniation in Michigan state university Grade-3 disc prolapsed patients using MRI | A cross section study | Total of 57 (male 30 and female 27) | VAS, RMDQ- Arabic version | Level of the LDH shows weak correlation both intensity of pain and functional disability; thus, the clinical symptoms of the patients with MRI to decide therapeutic intervention | |