| Hassanein et al., 2021 | Egypt | b | a | Theoretical session/ Structured simulation-based learning session | Knowledge test/ Attitude rating scale/ Observational skill-checklist | [86] |
| Huang et al., 2021 | Taiwan Area | a | a | Mobile phone application with video clips | Knowledge test/ Observation of procedural skills | [87] |
| Balachander et al., 2021 | India | b | a | Simulation with a newborn mannequin | Checklist score sheet/ Blood stream infection rate | [88] |
| Niyyar, 2021 | US | b | a | Didactic session/ Hands-on simulation | Questionnaire for assessing procedural comfort and competency | [89] |
| Russell et al., 2021 | US | b | a | Didactic lecture/ Hands-on practice session | Confidence assessment/ frequency tracker/ Intravenous access score/ Number of peripheral catheters | [90] |
| Filipovich et al., 2021 | US | b | a | Didactic session/ Hands-on skills training | Knowledge test/ Confidence assessment | [91] |
| Divya et al., 2021 | India | b | a | Lectures/ Practice demonstration | Knowledge test/ Observational checklist | [92] |
| Hackett et al., 2021 | US | b | a | Didactic learning/ Simulation training/ Insertion validation. | Success rates of first-time insertions | [93] |
| Steinbauer et al., 2021 | Austria | b | b | Lectures/ Simulation Training | Questionnaires | [94] |
| Amick et al., 2022 | US | b | a | Instructional video/ Didactic lecture/ Hands-on practice using a simulator | Skill checklist/ Confidence assessment/ Numbers of successful catheter insertions | [95] |
| McKinney et al., 2022 | US | b | a | Didactic lecture/ Simulation | Confidence level/ Knowledge test/ Proficiency test | [96] |
| Scimò et al., 2022 | France | c | a | Theoretical training/ Observation/ Supervised and unsupervised insertions | Patient pain using a VAS/ Amount of PICC inserted/ Insertion time | [97] |
| Anderson et al., 2022 | US | c | a | Didactic session/ Hands-on session | Success rate of the catheter placement/ Comfort and confidence assessment | [98] |
| Amick et al., 2022 | US | c | a | Instructional video/ Recorded lecture/ Practice on simulator/ Supervised insertions on patients | Checklist for skills/ Numbers of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter insertion | [99] |
| Bhargava et al., 2022 | US | b | a | Presentation on ultrasound basics/ Hands-on practice with a vessel simulator | Stick success rate of peripheral intravenous placement | [100] |
| van Loon et al., 2022 | Netherlands | c | a | Theoretical training/ Hands-on training/ Supervised life-case training | Knowledge test/ Successful attempts/ Number of successful cannulations and the time taken to perform them | [101] |
| Mousavi et al., 2022 | Iran | c | a | Messages on PIVC placement sent by short message service | Knowledge test/ Observational skill assessment | [102] |
| Nonas et al., 2022 | US | b | b | Didactic session/ Hands-on practice with high-tech mannequins/ Learning in the ICU | Knowledge test/ Course assessment | [103] |