Characteristics

Intervention group (n = 772)

Control group (n = 764)

P

Age (years)

41.60 ± 14.00

41.67 ± 15.07

0.981

Gender (n, %)

Male

Female

271 (35.10%)

501 (64.90%)

292 (38.22%)

472 (61.78%)

0.205

Smoking history (n, %)

Yes

No

182 (23.58%)

590 (76.42%)

207 (27.09%)

557 (72.91%)

0.113

Department (n, %)

Joint Surgery

Spinal Surgery

Gynecology Department

Urology Surgery

202 (26.16%)

101 (13.08%)

305 (39.51%)

164 (21.24%)

231 (30.24%)

75 (9.82%)

208 (27.23%)

250 (32.72%)

<0.001