| Iida et al. 2011 [37] Japan Cross-sectional survey (retrospective) | A package of questionnaires N = 591 | Self-completed retrospective questionnaire; A researcher-developed women-centred care questionnaire, Labour Agentry Scale, Maternal Attachment Questionnaire and researcher-developed Care Satisfaction Scale | Women who delivered at birth centres rated women-centred care highly and were satisfied with the care they received compared to those who gave birth at clinics and hospitals. This was related to respectful communication during antenatal checkups and the ontinuity of care by midwives |
| Lyndon et al. 2015 [38] San Francisco USA Theoretical approach based on empirical collaborative research | Expert professionals from four organizations that care for women during labour and birth | Expert opinion No information about the instruments used in previous studies in the group’s collaborative research on safety issues in labour and delivery teams | Patient safety requires mutual accountability; individuals, teams, healthcare facilities, and professional associations have a shared responsibility for creating and sustaining environments of mutual respect and engaging in highly reliable perinatal care |
| Larkin et al. 2012 [39] Ireland Qualitative descriptive study | Interviews, five focus-groups, n = 25 | A qualitative analysis process was developed by focusing on expectations, opinions, experiences and emotions | Three themes were identified; “getting started”, “getting there” and “consequences”. Control was an important element in childbirth experiences. Women felt alone and unsupported |
| Raab et al. 2013 [40] USA Theoretical approach based on previous empirical studies | Cross-sectional survey Questionnaire n = 210 Intervention: team training, simulation, safety walk rounds. Implementation of collaborative processes | Self-reported Safety Attitudes Questionnaire | Increased collaboration can improve patient outcomes and provider satisfaction. An organization’s leadership and culture will affect the outcome of collaborative efforts. Collaboration is a process that optimizes perinatal patient safety. Chain of communication |
| Collins 2008 USA [41] Theoretical approach | Review of claims involved in malpractice cases reported to IOM3) | Electronic foetal monitoring education | Multidisciplinary teamwork increases communication and can reduce the number of adverse events |
| Sarrechiaet al. 2012 [42] Belgium A descriptive study using qualitative methods | Examination of the content of care pathway of documenting care, content analysis. The content was compared with 40 evidence-based of Map of Medicine files | Evidence-based key interventions | An important variation in the use of evidence-based key interventions within the obstetric care pathway applied to the baby and mother |
| Hamman et al. 2009 [43] USA Mixed-methods Case study design | Simulation-based team training interviews | Identifying latent threats to patient safety | Improving communication, access to blood products and technical competences |
| White et al. 2005 [44] USA Retrospective analysis | 90 consecutive obstetrics and gynecology-related internal review of files | Identifying action, events, and environmental circumstances that appeared to contribute to the event. | Fifty percent of cases were associated with in-patient obstetrics. Factors that may have contributed to adverse events were identified in 78% of cases, while 31% were associated with apparent communication problems |