Author year, country | Aim and research questions | Sample | Method/design measurements | Analysis | Validity/reliability |
1. Anthony (2007) USA | To identify factors that influence the self-advocacy expression of elderly African Americans. | N = 100. | Mixed method. MHLCS, PGCMS. | Descriptive statistics. | Small sample size prevents generalization |
2. Alma et al. (2012) UK | To investigate the impact of a multidisciplinary group rehabilitation programme for visually impaired elderly patients on four aspects of participation: frequency of performance, restrictions, satisfaction and autonomy outdoors. | N = 29 | Cross sectional. VIPP, USER-P, IPA. Self-report Questionnaires. | SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA. Non-response analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and chi-square tests. | N = 3, drop out. Level of significance (p) was set at 0.10 because of the small sample size. The instruments were described as valid. |
3. Dewing (2006) UK | To facilitate multi-disciplinary practitioners in the practice development group to actively learn through a different form of engagement with older people outside the usual “patient” and “caregiver” roles. | N = 18 N = 12
| PCQ, SQ. | Likert scale | Small sample size. |
4. Heisler et al. (2002) USA. | To assess the influence of patients’ evaluation of their physicians’ participatory decision-making style, rating of physician communication and reported understanding of diabetes self-care and management. | N = 1314 | Cross-sectional. DQIP, PDM, PDCOM, PPDD, ABIM, TIBI. Self-report questionnaires. | Multiple regression analysis. | The result of this study cannot be generalized to younger or predominantly female populations. The design was necessary to detect the causal relations. |
5. Maly et al. (2004) USA | To identify the impact of patient age and patient-physician communication on the participation of older breast cancer patients in treatment decision-making | N = 222 | Cross-sectional. 7-point Likert scale, SIISS, ES, SPB, PEPPI. Self-report questionnaires. | Multiple logistic regression analyses. Cronbach’s alpha for the scale in this sample was 0.94. | Not a probability sample. External generalizability was limited. Recall bias was a potential confounder. |
6. Pipe et al. (2005) USA | To investigate demographics and perceptions of shared decision-making as factors contributing to patient satisfaction in older adults. | N = 611 | Longitudinal survey. Two waves of a postal questionnaire. PICS, SWD. Self-report questionnaires. | Multiple regression, descriptive and inferential statistics. Cronbach’s alpha-0.73. | Response rate 48.7%. PICS was a valid instrument. Adequate statistical power. A larger sample size would increase generalizability. The sample was homogeneous. Confounding variables could not be accounted for in this secondary analysis. |
7. Tariman et al. (2014) USA | To describe the decision-making preferences of older adults newly diagnosed with symptomatic myeloma and to explore the association between sociodemographic variables and decisional role preferences. | N = 20. | Cross-sectional. CPS. Self-report questionnaires. | *SPSS version 18. | Small sample size limits the generalizability. CPS scale was a valid tool. |