Items

Score range

Frequency

Score range

Effect

Maintaining family integration, cooperation, and an optimistic definition of the situation

1 - 5

4.25 ± 0.939

0 ~ 3

2.45 ± 0.730

Maintaining social support, self-esteem, and psychological stability

1 - 5

3.11 ± 1.205

0 ~ 3

1.95 ± 0.961

Understanding the medical situation through communication with other parents and consultation with the medical staff

1 - 5

3.60 ± 1.187

0 ~ 3

2.19 ± 0.865