| Variable | Index | Relatives | Controls | Test between groups | ||
| p-value | ||||||
| n = 66 | n = 55 | n = 358 | Index vs relatives | Index vs controls | Relatives vs controls | |
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Female | 38 (58%) | 37 (67%) | 201 (56%) |
|
|
|
| Male | 28 (42%) | 18 (33%) | 157 (44%) | 0.365 | 0.925 | 0.152 |
| Presenting symptom VUR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pyelonephritis | 61 (94%) | 36 (69%) | 308 (90%) |
|
|
|
| Pre- and postnatal screening | 2 (3%) | 14 (27%) | 25 (7%) |
|
|
|
| Other symptoms | 2 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 9 (3%) | 0.001 | 0.449 | <0.0001 |
| Age at presentation (months) | 8 (0.1 - 84) | 7.0 (0.1 - 98) | 8 (0 - 141) | 0.674 | 0.637 | 0.893 |
| Grade of reflux |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| I | 2 (3%) | 4 (8%) | 9 (3%) |
|
|
|
| II | 7 (11%) | 11 (23%) | 42 (12%) |
|
|
|
| III | 21 (32%) | 22 (45%) | 123 (34%) |
|
|
|
| IV | 24 (36%) | 8 (16%) | 140 (39%) |
|
|
|
| V | 12 (18%) | 4 (8%) | 44 (12%) | 0.002 | 0.436 | 0.0003 |
| Grade of reflux at follow up |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 - II | 18 (32%) | 18 (47%) |
|
|
|
|
| III - V | 38 (68%) | 18 (53%) |
| 0.136 |
|
|
| Recurrent UTIs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No | 27 (44%) | 20 (47%) | 168 (50%) |
|
|
|
| Yes | 35 (56%) | 23 (53%) | 171 (50%) | 0.919 | 0.465 | 0.831 |
| Renal abnormality |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No | 18 (28%) | 13 (36%) | 90 (26%) |
|
|
|
| Yes | 46 (72%) | 23 (64%) | 255 (74%) | 0.543 | 0.840 | 0.276 |
| Total renal function |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Normal | 50 (82%) | 34 (79%) | 226 (87%) |
|
|
|
| Subnormal | 11 (18%) | 9 (21%) | 33 (13%) | 0.900 | 0.378 | 0.235 |