| Aly, Grabowski, Pasurka, and Rangan (1990) [16] | Technical, Scale, and Allocative Efficiencies in U.S. Banking: An Empirical Investigation | Intermediation Approach Outputs: real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, consumer loans, all other loans, and demand deposits. Inputs: Labor, capital, loanable funds. |
| Barr, Seiford, and Siems (1994) [17] | Forecasting Bank Failure: A Non-Parametric Frontier Estimation Approach | Inputs: Full-Time Equivalent Employees Salary Expenses Premises and Fixed Assets Other Noninterest Expenses, Total Interest Expense Purchased Funds. Outputs: Core Deposits Earning Assets, Total Interest Income. |
| Bauer, Berger, Ferrier, and Humphrey (1995) [18] | Consistency Conditions for Regulatory Analysis of Financial Institutions: A Comparison of Frontier Efficiency Methods | Outputs: demand deposits, real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and installment loans. Inputs: labor, physical capital, small denomination time and savings deposits, and purchased funds. |
| Elysiani Mehdian 1992 | Productive efficiency performance of minority and nonminority-owned banks: A nonparametric approach | The output vector used here includes: 1) commercial and industrial loans, 2) real estate loans, 3) other loans, and 4) investment securities. Inputs include: 1) CDs and time and savings deposits, 2) demand deposits, 3) capital (book value of bank’s premises, machinery, and equipment), and 4) labor. |
| Elysiani Mehdian 1995 | The comparative efficiency performance of small and large US commercial banks in the pre and post deregulation eras” | Outputs: investment, real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, other loans. Inputs: Time and savings deposits, Demand deposits, Capital, Labor. |
| Elysiani et al. 1998 | Economies of Scale and Scope in Small Depository Institutions: Evidence from U.S. Cooperative Banks | Outputs: Consumer loans, real estate loans, securities and other earning assets. Inputs: Labor, capital, borrowed funds. |
| Ferrier, Kerstens, and Vanden Eeckaut (1994) [19] | Radial and Nonradial Technical Efficiency Measures on a DEA Reference Technology: A Comparison Using US Banking Data | Production Approach. Outputs: the numbers of demand and time deposit accounts, and the numbers of real estate, instalment and commercial loans Inputs: considered: the total number of employees, occupancy and equipment costs and expenditures on material. |
| Ferrier and Lovell 1990 | Measuring cost efficiency in banking: Econometric and linear programming evidence* | Outputs: number of demand deposit accounts, number of time deposit accounts, number of real estate loans, number of installment loans, number of commercial loans. Inputs: total number of employees, occupancy costs and expenditure on furniture and equipment, expenditure on materials. |
| Barth, J.R., Lin, C., Ma, Y., Seade, J., Song, F.M., 2013 [20] | Do bank regulation, supervision and monitoring enhance or impede bank efficiency? 72 countries. | Outputs: Total loans and other earning assets, operating income. Inputs: total deposits, total money market funds, personnel expenses, total fixed assets, loan loss provision. |
| Georgios Chortareas*, George Kapetanios, Alexia Ventouri K 2016 [21] | Credit market freedom and cost efficiency in US state banking | Outputs: Consumer loans, Business loans, Securities Inputs: Labor, Physical capital, Total deposits. |