| Textual metadiscourse | Function | Example |
| transitions | express relations between main clauses | So, but, thus |
| frame markers | signal discourse acts, sequences or stages, | Firstly, then, lastly |
| endophoric markers | refer the reader to information in other parts of the text | Before, above, As what you just said |
| evidentials | refer to information from other texts | According to, She said, Based on |
| code glosses | elaborate propositional meanings | Namely, That’s to say, I mean |
| turn-manipulator | initiate, allocate, or terminate turns of speech | I stop here, I’d like to hear XXX’s idea, That’s my thought. How about XXX? |
| Relational metadiscourse | Function | Example |
| stance marker | clarify speaker’s standpoint | I’m not..., just to ... But the point is that personally |
| emotion marker | express speaker’s emotions | Come on!, Please! If I’m very frank to talk about |
| status-negotiating marker | negotiate status distance between interlocutors | Correct me, if I summarize it in the wrong way. If there’s anything that you think we are missing... I’m not an expert but... |
| common-ground- generating marker* | help activate shared knowledge, experience between interlocutors | You know when... You know we used to... I remembered we are all in the ... |
| BELF-facilitating resource | Function | Example |
| repetition | fill in broken expressions, sentences by repeating the prior words to enable fluent information flow | in in.in.in.in one interesting sentence, to..to.be a..a manager a..a.for..the…for my team |
| self-repair marker | complement additional information to amend the previous interpretation | I mean (not as code gloss) Here is the thing This is... I think |
| clarification marker | confirm information | having this ... having that... This is what I mean I’m saying that |
| reformation marker | signal the change of ways of information presentation | Forget about that Ok, I’ll put it this way |
| co-construction marker | cooperate with another party in explaining information | Yeah, I’m with you. I got what she meant What she said was |