Variable

Beneficial relationship observed

Outcomes analyzed

Number

Percent

p value

Health care utilization (n = 67)

34 vs. 20

50.8 vs. 74.1

0.040

Health care costs (n = 11)

7 vs. 47

63.6 vs. 56.6

0.750

Quality of care (n = 6)

4 vs. 50

66.7 vs. 56.8

1.000

Coordination of care (n = 6)

5 vs. 49

83.3 vs. 55.7

0.240

Patient experience (n = 2)

2 vs. 52

100.0 vs. 56.5

0.510

Disease surveillance (n = 2)

2 vs. 52

100.0 vs. 56.5

0.510

Geographic location

Variable

Beneficial relationship observed

Outcomes analyzed

Number

Percent

p value

United States vs. Other

39 vs. 15

66.1 vs. 42.9

0.030

Study design

Cohort study (n = 60)

45 vs. 9

75.0 vs. 26.5

< 0.001

Randomized controlled trial (n = 17)

3 vs. 51

17.7 vs. 66.2

< 0.001

Quasi-experimental study (n = 12)

2 vs. 52

16.7 vs. 63.4

0.004

Cross-sectional study (n = 5)

4 vs. 50

80.0 vs. 56.2

0.390

Study setting

Emergency department (n = 51)

34 vs. 20

66.7 vs. 46.5

0.050

Hospital (n = 23)

9 vs. 45

39.1 vs. 63.4

0.040

HIV Clinic (n = 8)

4 vs. 50

50.0 vs. 58.1

0.720

Primary care (n= 8)

6 vs. 48

75.0 vs. 55.8

0.460

Multiple settings (n = 4)

1 vs. 53

25.0 vs. 58+9

0.310

Years of study

2008 or previous vs. 2009 or later

11 vs. 43

47.8 vs. 60.6

0.280