Proposed method

TCPSO [9]

Target function

D

Error/D

Termination term/D

Error/D

Termination term/D

Ackley

(Multi-modal)

2

0

21.7

0

20.6

10

0

149.1

0

226.3

30

0

178.1

0

364.6

50

0.667

194.8

3.97

350.8

100

0

146.5

0.710

202.3

Generalized Rastrigin

(Multi-modal)

2

0

13.0

0

11.6

10

0

71.9

0

71.1

30

0

68.9

0

70.6

50

0

97.9

0.002

107.0

100

0.058

354.6

0.516

399.6

Generalized Schewefel's

problem 2.26

(Multi-modal)

2

74.4

2571.0

137.5

4042.1

10

1198.2

1702.7

1448.3

1343.3

30

5383.2

920.7

5607.6

506.6

50

9389.2

761.5

9772.9

355.0

100

19138.3

1245.8

21225.8

288.4

Generalized Griewank

(Multi-modal)

2

0

102.1

0

112.0

10

0.034

1271.1

0.045

1427.5

30

0.0066

237.9

0.011

290.4

50

0.0034

139.6

0.0032

124.2

100

0.0019

79.6

0.00057

62.9

Generalized penalized 1

(Multi-modal)

2

0

11.0

0

10.8

10

0

132.6

0

141.1

30

213.3

808.5

408.7

671.1

50

699.4

596.8

752.7

443.1

100

1578.7

291.9

1654.2

264.0

Generalized penalized 2

(Multi-modal)

2

0

32.1

0

14.7

10

0

80.8

0

83.5

30

0

167.1

0

153.3

50

0

217.9

0

198.9

100

0.152

380.2

0.124

351.9