| Variable | Category | Author |
| 1. Attitude |
|
|
| Goodwill | Increase self-worth | Bruyere and Rappe, 2007 [19] , Lepp, 2008 [20] |
| 2. Motivation |
|
|
| Utilitarian | Education | Wearing, 2001 [2] , Broad and Jenkins, 2009 [21] |
| Social | Meeting minded people | Bruyere and Rappe, 2007 [19] , Mustones, 2007 [22] |
| Purposive | Altruism | Wearing, 2001 [2] , Callanan and Tomas, 2005 [1] |
| 3. Needs |
|
|
| Wanted | Adventure/Challenge | Tomazos and Butler, 2009 [23] |
| 4. Expectation |
|
|
| Experience | Wanderlust | Tomazos and Butler, 2009 [23] , Brown and Lehto (2005) [24] |