(3.511)

(6.056)

(6.274)

(0.568)

proportion of secondary industry

1.904

−0.347

0.156

−0.463

(3.028)

(5.227)

(5.406)

(0.490)

ln(fixed asset investment)

0.391

−0.382

−0.835

−0.016

(0.323)

(0.559)

(0.580)

(0.052)

urban ratio

1.655*

−2.433

−2.238

0.158

(0.899)

(1.591)

(1.740)

(0.145)

population growth rate

0.283

1.417

1.867

−0.491

(1.906)

(3.283)

(3.406)

(0.308)

ln(population density)

1.112***

1.401*

0.494

−0.005

(0.415)

(0.717)

(0.742)

(0.067)

ln(PCDI)

0.264

−0.276

0.062

0.254*

(0.912)

(1.575)

(1.631)

(0.148)

ln(urban road area)

0.543**

0.008

0.241

0.009

(0.248)

(0.439)

(0.479)

(0.040)

city fixed effect

yes

yes

yes

yes

time fixed effect

yes

yes

yes

yes

province specific time trend

yes

yes

yes

yes

constant

−73.941

230.750**

127.454

14.084*

−50.318

(89.492)

(93.030)

(8.138)

observations

408

404

404

408

R-squared

0.598

0.403

0.625

0.119

number of city

46

46

46

46