| (3.511) | (6.056) | (6.274) | (0.568) |
proportion of secondary industry | 1.904 | −0.347 | 0.156 | −0.463 |
| (3.028) | (5.227) | (5.406) | (0.490) |
ln(fixed asset investment) | 0.391 | −0.382 | −0.835 | −0.016 |
| (0.323) | (0.559) | (0.580) | (0.052) |
urban ratio | 1.655* | −2.433 | −2.238 | 0.158 |
| (0.899) | (1.591) | (1.740) | (0.145) |
population growth rate | 0.283 | 1.417 | 1.867 | −0.491 |
| (1.906) | (3.283) | (3.406) | (0.308) |
ln(population density) | 1.112*** | 1.401* | 0.494 | −0.005 |
| (0.415) | (0.717) | (0.742) | (0.067) |
ln(PCDI) | 0.264 | −0.276 | 0.062 | 0.254* |
| (0.912) | (1.575) | (1.631) | (0.148) |
ln(urban road area) | 0.543** | 0.008 | 0.241 | 0.009 |
| (0.248) | (0.439) | (0.479) | (0.040) |
city fixed effect | yes | yes | yes | yes |
time fixed effect | yes | yes | yes | yes |
province specific time trend | yes | yes | yes | yes |
constant | −73.941 | 230.750** | 127.454 | 14.084* |
| −50.318 | (89.492) | (93.030) | (8.138) |
observations | 408 | 404 | 404 | 408 |
R-squared | 0.598 | 0.403 | 0.625 | 0.119 |
number of city | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 |