TI_CPI	The Corruption Perception Index of 2016 published by Transparency International. It ranks countries by their “perceived levels of public sector corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys.” The country with the lowest perceived level of corruption ranks 1st. At the score of 90 Denmark ranks 1 with lowest corruption whereas at the score of 10 Somalia ranks 176 with the highest corruption.
WB_bribery1	Bribery incidence based on World Bank Enterprise Survey as of 2017. It measures the percent of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request across 6 public transactions dealing with utilities access, permits, licenses, and taxes.
WB_bribery2	Percent of firms identifying corruption as a major constraint, based on World Bank Enterprise Survey as of 2017.
Econ_stage	Stage of development based on the World Economic Forums’ Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018, coded 1, 3, and 5 for factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven economies, respectively; coded 2 for economies in transition from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and 4 for economies in transition from efficiency-driven to innovation-driven. The data used by the report to determine stage of development cover the years 2012 through 2016.
GDP_PPP	2016 GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2011 international dollars published by the World Bank.
Institutions	Ranks of institutions as one of the five input pillars of the Global Innovation Index of 2015. The institutions pillar covers a country’s political, regulatory, and business environment. The country with the strongest institutions ranks 1st. We multiply the original rank by -1 so that a greater value denotes stronger institutions. The Global Innovation Index is published by Cornell University, INSEAD, and World Intellectual Property Organization.
Press_freedom	Press freedom index of 2015 compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders. The country with the highest press freedom ranks 1st. We multiply the original rank by −1 so that a greater value denotes greater press freedom.
ELF	Ethno-linguistic fractionalization score that measures the probability that two randomly selected people from a given country will not belong to the same ethnolinguistic group. The score is between 0 (zero fractionalization) and 1 (highest fractionalization). It is based on the work of Desmet, Ortuño-Ortín and Wacziarg (2012, 2009) and Alesina, Devleeschauwer, Easterly, Kurlat, and Wacziarg (2003).The data are available under the link http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty_pages/romain.wacziarg/downloads/2012_DOW_data.xls. The scores are calculated at 15 different levels of aggregation. We have used the aggregation level 8.
HDI	Human Development Index (HDI) based on the United Nations Human Development Reports of 2016. It is a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. The country with the highest human development ranks 1st. We multiply the original rank by −1 so that a greater value denotes greater human development.