Authors (year of the study) | Proxy of… | ||
Scale effect | Composition effect | Technique effect | |
1) Panayotou [31] | GDP per square km | Industry share in GDP | Per capita GDP |
2) Antweiler et al. [32] | GDP per square km | Capital-labor ratio | Per capita GDP |
3) Tsurumi and Managi [8] | Real GDP | Capital-labor ratio | Per capita GDP |
4) Ling et al. [9] | Per capita GDP | Capital-labor ratio | Square of per capita GDP |
5) Bakehe [10] | Per capita GDP | Capital-labor ratio | GDP per square km |