Authors

(year of the study)

Proxy of…

Scale effect

Composition effect

Technique effect

1) Panayotou [31]

GDP per square km

Industry share in GDP

Per capita GDP

2) Antweiler et al. [32]

GDP per square km

Capital-labor ratio

Per capita GDP

3) Tsurumi and Managi [8]

Real GDP

Capital-labor ratio

Per capita GDP

4) Ling et al. [9]

Per capita GDP

Capital-labor ratio

Square of per capita GDP

5) Bakehe [10]

Per capita GDP

Capital-labor ratio

GDP per square km