| Four phases of emergency management | Interventions |
| Mitigation | § Government policy development of allocation of funds for emergency planning and development § Development of a centralized epidemic and pandemic surveillance program § International cooperation among national public health and infectious disease centers of each country § Development of local community and spiritual resources § Widespread vaccination programs |
| Preparedness | § Educational programs to teach populations about infectious diseases, prevention, transmission, and response § Education about personal protective equipment § Training of teachers, healthcare professionals, spiritual leaders in psychological first aid § A national mechanism for emergency production of personal protective equipment |
| Response | § Clear and consistent communication about unfolding infectious disease crisis § Activation of mental health resources including online, telephone, and community based therapy § Accessible online programs of exercise classes § Enactment of peer and community support systems § Utilization of shelters with social distancing § Food banks and distribution of food to quarantined populations |
| Recovery | § Creation of a space for narrative and art to commemorate those who died and the experiences of survivors § Mental health resources |