Grammatical functions | No. | Iteams | ASD | DS | ID | TD | ||
4 years | 5 years | 6 years | ||||||
(n = 11) | (n = 16) | (n = 10) | (n = 16) | (n = 19) | (n = 23) | |||
the number of components | 1 | nouns | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
2 | adjectives | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
3 | verbs | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
4 | two-factor combining sentences | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
5 | negative sentences | 100.0 | 87.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
6 | three-factor combining sentences | 100.0 | 93.8 | 100.0 | 93.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
10 | sentences combining multiple-factors | 45.5 | 31.3 | 50.0 | 31.3 | 73.7 | 87.0 | |
perspectives | 7 | reversible sentences | 100.0 | 62.5 | 80.0 | 81.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
14 | passive sentences | 36.4 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 36.8 | 56.5 | |
conjunction particles | 8 | not X but also Y | 63.6 | 37.5 | 30.0 | 68.8 | 63.2 | 91.3 |
9 | X, but Y is different | 45.5 | 25.0 | 40.0 | 31.3 | 63.2 | 73.9 | |
11 | both X and Y are different | 18.2 | 18.8 | 20.0 | 31.3 | 36.8 | 56.5 | |
particle strategies | 12 | position words | 36.4 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 37.5 | 57.9 | 73.9 |
15 | comparative expressions | 18.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18.8 | 31.6 | 60.9 | |
19 | nominative particle | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 6.3 | 15.8 | 34.8 | |
sentence structures | 13 | subject modifier (left-branching) | 9.1 | 6.3 | 10.0 | 18.8 | 47.4 | 52.2 |
17 | predicate modifiers | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.8 | 39.1 | |
20 | subject modifier (center-embedded sentences) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
numerical expressions | 16 | numeral | 63.6 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 39.1 |
18 | plural form | 63.6 | 12.5 | 20.0 | 18.8 | 10.5 | 69.6 | |
The average number of passed items | 11.0 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 11.6 | 14.3 | ||
(SD) | (2.0) | (2.0) | (1.6) | (2.5) | (2.3) | (3.1) |