“ga” = the subjective case | “ni” = the case indicating the attached place |
Neko ga naiteiru (a cat is crying) | Usagi ga basu ni notteiru (a rabbit is riding on the bus) |
Tori ga neteiru (a bird is sleeping) | Kuma ga isu ni suwatteiru (a bear is sitting on a chair) |
Saru ga okotteiru (a monkey is angry) | Kaeru ga happa ni notteiru (a frog is riding on a leaf) |
“wo”* = the objective case (Irreversible Sentences) | “kara” = the case indicating the starting place or time |
Saru ga ringo wo tabeteiru (a monkey is eating an apple) | Inu ga kuruma kara oriru (a dog is getting out of the car) |
Usagi ga bôru wo nageteiru (a rabbit is throwing a ball) | Saru ga reizouko kara aisu wo dasu (a monkey is taking out ice cream from the refrigerator) |
Panda ga te wo aratteiru (a panda is washing his hands) | |
“wo”* = the objective case (Reversible Sentences) | Buta ga tana kara hako wo toru (a pig is unloading a box from the shelf) |
Nezumi ga tori wo oikakeru (a mouse is chasing a bird) | “de” = the case indicating the tools |
Usagi ga saru wo tataiteiru (a rabbit is hitting a monkey) | Panda ga supûn de tabeteiru (a panda is eating with a spoon) |
Usagi ga kuma wo okoshiteiru (a rabbit is waking a bear up) | Inu ga syaberu de ana wo hour (a dog is digging a hole with a shovel) |
“de” = the locative case | Tori ga tonkachi de tataiteiru (a bird is hitting a nail with a hammer) |
Kuma ga kouen de asondeiru (a bear is playing in the park) |
|
Nezumi ga kawa de sakana wo tutteiru (a rat is fishing in the river) | |
Panda ga pûru de oyoideiru (a panda is swimming in the pool) |