Null Hypothesis

F-Statistic

lnGDP does not Granger Cause lnCO₂

4.7303^**

lnCO₂ does not Granger Cause lnGDP

0.2542^ns

lnINDUSTRY does not Granger Cause lnCO₂

2.9423^*

lnCO₂ does not Granger Cause lnINDUSTRY

3.1803^*

lnFDI does not Granger Cause lnCO₂

0.0880 ^ns

lnCO₂ does not Granger Cause lnFDI

0.1204 ^ns