Item

Before Intervention ( $\overline{x}\pm s$ )

After Intervention ( $\overline{x}\pm s$ )

t value

P value

Tenacity

38.07 ± 6.05

39.56 ± 6.32

−2.13

0.040*

Strength

22.51 ± 4.90

23.74 ± 4.60

−2.57

0.014*

Optimism

12.72 ± 2.43

13.64 ± 2.07

−3.38

0.002*