ICT self-efficacy

pre-test

Mean (SD)

post-test

Mean (SD)

t value (p)

Cohen’s d

revising (N = 104)

3.21 (0.98)

4.00 (0.92)

t = 8.30 (p < 0.001)

0.83

creating (N = 90)

3.12 (0.95)

2.94 (1.32)

t = ?1.59 (p = 0.115)

?0.16