ESTs

Life Time (years)

Response Time

Capital Cost ($/kW)

FES

10 - 15

Seconds

50 - 350

PHS

40 - 60

Minutes

2000 - 4300

CAES

20 - 60

Minutes

400 - 1000

Pb-A

5 - 15

Milli-seconds

200 - 600

Ni-Cd

15 - 20

Milli-seconds

500 - 1500

Na-S

10 - 20

Milli-seconds

350 - 3000

Li-ion

14.16

Milli-seconds

900 - 4000

VRFB

10 - 20

Milli-seconds

600 - 1500

SCES

10 - 30

Milli-seconds

500 - 5000

SMES

20 - 30

Minutes

200 - 489