ESTs | Life Time (years) | Response Time | Capital Cost ($/kW) |
FES | 10 - 15 | Seconds | 50 - 350 |
PHS | 40 - 60 | Minutes | 2000 - 4300 |
CAES | 20 - 60 | Minutes | 400 - 1000 |
Pb-A | 5 - 15 | Milli-seconds | 200 - 600 |
Ni-Cd | 15 - 20 | Milli-seconds | 500 - 1500 |
Na-S | 10 - 20 | Milli-seconds | 350 - 3000 |
Li-ion | 14.16 | Milli-seconds | 900 - 4000 |
VRFB | 10 - 20 | Milli-seconds | 600 - 1500 |
SCES | 10 - 30 | Milli-seconds | 500 - 5000 |
SMES | 20 - 30 | Minutes | 200 - 489 |