ESTs | Power Range (MW) | Energy Density (Wh/l) | Power Density (W/l) | Round Trip Efficiency (%) |
FES | 10 - 5000 | 0.5 - 1.5 | 0.5 - 1.5 | 0 - 85 |
PHES | 0 - 0.25 | 20 - 80 | 1000 - 2000 | 90 - 95 |
CAES | 5 - 1000 | 3 - 6 | 0.5 - 2 | 70 - 89 |
Pb-A | 0 - 40 | 60 - 150 | 150 - 300 | 70 - 90 |
Ni-Cd | 0 - 40 | 680 - 1300 | 170 - 640 | 85 - 90 |
Na-S | 0.5 - 34 | 150 - 250 | 150 - 230 | 85 - 90 |
Li-ion | 0 - 100 | 200 - 500 | 500 - 2000 | 90 - 97 |
VRFB | 0.3 - 3 | 20 - 70 | 0.5 - 2 | 75 - 83 |
SCES | 0 - 0.3 | 2.5 - 15 | 500 - 5000 | 90 - 95 |
SMES | 0.1 - 10 | 0.2 - 2.5 | 1000 - 4000 | 95 - 97 |