ESTs

Power Range

(MW)

Energy Density

(Wh/l)

Power Density

(W/l)

Round Trip

Efficiency (%)

FES

10 - 5000

0.5 - 1.5

0.5 - 1.5

0 - 85

PHES

0 - 0.25

20 - 80

1000 - 2000

90 - 95

CAES

5 - 1000

3 - 6

0.5 - 2

70 - 89

Pb-A

0 - 40

60 - 150

150 - 300

70 - 90

Ni-Cd

0 - 40

680 - 1300

170 - 640

85 - 90

Na-S

0.5 - 34

150 - 250

150 - 230

85 - 90

Li-ion

0 - 100

200 - 500

500 - 2000

90 - 97

VRFB

0.3 - 3

20 - 70

0.5 - 2

75 - 83

SCES

0 - 0.3

2.5 - 15

500 - 5000

90 - 95

SMES

0.1 - 10

0.2 - 2.5

1000 - 4000

95 - 97