Independent variables

Model1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Dependent variable: corruption

Dependent variable: economic growth

Dependent variable: corruption

Dependent variable: economic growth

C

49.51^***

(5.95)

37.49^***

(9.56)

Pro

−1.30^**

(−2.46)

−0.70^**

(−2.69)

−1.65^***

(−24.27)

−1.71^***

(−2696.7)

CFD

23.08^***

(6.70)

19.29^***

(5.51)

25.41^***

(41.49)

22.34^***

(3918.1)

OP

9.33^*

(1.88)

−1.01

(−0.27)

8.76^***

(29.81)

−3.66^***

(−1337.2)

UR

−73.0^***

(−3.88)

−61.18^***

(−5.52)

−66.21^***

(−24.32)

−51.2^***

(−2019.7)

FD

−175.3^***

(−2.88)

373.9^***

(10.21)

−152.2^***

(−16.73)

411.5^***

(4858.7)

CGDPC

2.51^**

(2.25)

−6.72^***

(−17.68)

2.11^***

(21.44)

−6.64^***

(−7252.2)

R-square

0.994

0.999

0.286

0.775

Model

FE

FE

DID

DID

Method

GLS

GLS

Robust estimation

Robust estimation