Independent variables

Model1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Dependent variable: corruption

Dependent variable: economic growth

Dependent variable: corruption

Dependent variable: economic growth

C

49.51***

(5.95)

37.49***

(9.56)

Pro

−1.30**

(−2.46)

−0.70**

(−2.69)

−1.65***

(−24.27)

−1.71***

(−2696.7)

CFD

23.08***

(6.70)

19.29***

(5.51)

25.41***

(41.49)

22.34***

(3918.1)

OP

9.33*

(1.88)

−1.01

(−0.27)

8.76***

(29.81)

−3.66***

(−1337.2)

UR

−73.0***

(−3.88)

−61.18***

(−5.52)

−66.21***

(−24.32)

−51.2***

(−2019.7)

FD

−175.3***

(−2.88)

373.9***

(10.21)

−152.2***

(−16.73)

411.5***

(4858.7)

CGDPC

2.51**

(2.25)

−6.72***

(−17.68)

2.11***

(21.44)

−6.64***

(−7252.2)

R-square

0.994

0.999

0.286

0.775

Model

FE

FE

DID

DID

Method

GLS

GLS

Robust estimation

Robust estimation