Explanatory variables

Data sources

1) Transportation capacity for each train during peak hours (unit: people/train)

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: Statistics information on congestion rates [49] [50] .

2) Number of stations

Kotsu Shinbunsha: My LINE Tokyo Timetable [47] [48] .

3) Number of transported passengers per hour during peak hours (unit: people/hour)

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: Statistics information on congestion rates [49] [50] .

4) Number of stairs and escalators in terminal stations

Station yard map from the website of each railway company.

5) Length of train lines (unit: km)

Kotsu Shinbunsha: My LINE Tokyo Timetable [47] [48] .

6) Average number of tracks

Kotsu Shinbunsha: My LINE Tokyo Timetable [47] [48] .

7) Number of operating trains per hour during peak hours (unit: train/time)

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: Statistics information on congestion rates [49] [50] .

8) Number of trains according to type

Kotsu Shinbunsha: My LINE Tokyo Timetable [47] [48] .

9) Number of through service train lines

Kotsu Shinbunsha: My LINE Tokyo Timetable [47] [48] .

10) Length of through service sections (unit: km)

Kotsu Shinbunsha: My LINE Tokyo Timetable [47] [48] .

11) Number of connecting operation stations

Station maps from the website of each railway company.

12) Length of lines with connecting operation (unit: km)

Station maps from the website of each railway company.