Scheme | Strengths | Weaknesses |
German | *Cost fully recovered *Emission considered-encourage efficiency *Technology used *Eliminated cross-subsidization (foreign hauliers) *Most factors that contribute to usage been used to determine the charge | *High toll charges *Not on all roads (toll avoidance) *LGV is not charged *Noise issue not considered *TDM is not considered *Fuel tax *HV over 12 tonnes are considered |
UK | *Fuel rebate *Encourage fuel efficiency of vehicles *Partially direct method *All roads are tolled *No additional charges (fair) | *Distance-based cost, not perfect *Externalities are not considered *TDM is not considered |
Switzerland | *All roads are tolled *Partially direct method | *TDM is not considered *Fuel tax |
Austria | *Partially direct method | *Emission not considered *TDM is not considered *Fuel tax *Not on all roads (toll avoidance) |
USA | *Partially direct method *Congestion pricing in some areas | *Fuel tax *Not on all roads (toll avoidance) *Cross-subsidisation still exist *Externalities are not considered |
Australia | *Simple and conventional method | *Fuel tax *Not linked with direct usage (cross-sub) *Externalities are not considered *TDM is not considered *Not on all roads (toll avoidance) *High and non-transparent toll charges |