Scheme

Strengths

Weaknesses

German

*Cost fully recovered

*Emission considered-encourage efficiency

*Technology used

*Eliminated cross-subsidization (foreign hauliers)

*Most factors that contribute to usage been used to determine the charge

*High toll charges

*Not on all roads (toll avoidance)

*LGV is not charged

*Noise issue not considered

*TDM is not considered

*Fuel tax

*HV over 12 tonnes are considered

UK

*Fuel rebate

*Encourage fuel efficiency of vehicles

*Partially direct method

*All roads are tolled

*No additional charges (fair)

*Distance-based cost, not perfect

*Externalities are not considered

*TDM is not considered

Switzerland

*All roads are tolled

*Partially direct method

*TDM is not considered

*Fuel tax

Austria

*Partially direct method

*Emission not considered

*TDM is not considered

*Fuel tax

*Not on all roads (toll avoidance)

USA

*Partially direct method

*Congestion pricing in some areas

*Fuel tax

*Not on all roads (toll avoidance)

*Cross-subsidisation still exist

*Externalities are not considered

Australia

*Simple and conventional method

*Fuel tax

*Not linked with direct usage (cross-sub)

*Externalities are not considered

*TDM is not considered

*Not on all roads (toll avoidance)

*High and non-transparent toll charges