Most common | Less common |
Idiopathic―42% to 49% [8] | Other infections |
Mediastinal irradiation (5 - 10 years duration) | Neoplasms―5% - 17% (lung―33%, breast―25%, adenocarcinoma of intestine [9] ) |
Following Cardiac surgery―11% to 37% (post-pericardiectomy―10% to 40%, previous cardiac surgery―0.3%) | Connective tissue disorders (rheumatoid Arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, Scleroderma) |
Radiotherapy―9% to 31% | Drugs (procainamide, hydralazine, methysergide) |
Post-infectious―3% to 6% | Trauma |
Tuberculosis Viral infections (coxsackie virus A and B, Adenovirus, echovirus) Pyogenic infections | Hereditary―Mulibrey nanism (Mu―muscle, Li―liver, br―brain, ey―eyes, nanism―dwarf) in Finland and United states [10] |