Parameters

Processing methods

Raw

Cooking

Soaking

Roasting

Dehulled

Protein

26.02 ± 0.02^b

23.54 ± 0.03^d

24.82 ± 0.04^c

26.04 ± 0.03^b

27.06 ± 0.05^a

Ash

3.05 ± 0.04^b

2.73 ± 0.03^c

2.75 ± 0.05^c

3.32 ± 0.03^a

2.53 ± 0.02^d

Fat

3.03 ± 0.02^c

2.97 ± 0.02^c

3.02 ± 0.03^c

3.44 ± 0.03^b

3.65 ± 0.04^a

Crude fiber

7.12 ± 0.02^b

6.87 ± 0.02^c

6.78 ± 0.02^d

7.92 ± 0.02^a

1.43 ± 0.02^e

*Total carbohydrates

60.78 ± 0.13^d

63.89 ± 0.11^b

62.63 ± 0.17^c

59.28 ± 0.12^e

65.33 ± 0.15^a

Energy (Kcal/100g)

374.47 ± 0.17^d

376.45 ± 0.15^c

376.98 ± 0.13^b

372.24 ± 0.15^e

402.41 ± 0.17^a

Soluble dietary fiber (SDF)

6.32 ± 0.01^e

8.32 ± 0.03^b

8.03 ± 0.02^c

9.12 ± 0.02^a

7.14 ± 0.03^d

Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF)

19.52 ± 0.03^b

19.52 ± 0.03^b

22.15 ± 0.04^a

19.02 ± 0.03^c

10.42 ± 0.03^d

Total dietary fiber (TDF)

25.84 ± 0.05^d

27.84 ± 0.02^c

30.18 ± 0.05^a

28.14 ± 0.01^b

17.56 ± 0.04^e

Calcium

360.73 ± 0.02^a

287.72 ± 0.03^d

314.87 ± 0.02^c

342.22 ± 0.01^b

243.38 ± 0.02^e

Phosphorus

355.63 ± 0.02^b

323.33 ± 0.02^d

335.82 ± 0.02^c

362.63 ± 0.02^a

321.17 ± 0.02^e

Iron

18.54 ± 0.03^a

15.06 ± 0.01^d

17.27 ± 0.02^b

16.92 ± 0.02^c

12.75 ± 0.04^e

Magnesium

268.04 ± 0.03^a

248.04 ± 0.03^d

251.13 ± 0.02^c

257.33 ± 0.03^b

246.52 ± 0.02^e

Sodium

53.87 ± 0.02^a

32.88 ± 0.02^e

39.98 ± 0.02^c

46.67 ± 0.02^b

34.03 ± 0.02^d

Potassium

1373.29 ± 0.15^a

1229.20 ± 0.12^e

1261.19 ± 0.17^d

1360.1 ± 0.10^b

1287.85 ± 0.14^c

Copper

1.74 ± 0.01^a

1.47 ± 0.02^d

1.64 ± 0.01^b

1.62 ± 0.02^b

1.58 ± 0.02^c

Manganese

1.07 ± 0.02^b

0.93 ± 0.02^e

0.98 ± 0.02^d

1.13 ± 0.02^a

1.03 ± 0.02^c

Zinc

4.17 ± 0.02^a

3.74 ± 0.01^d

3.83 ± 0.02^c

4.13 ± 0.03^b

3.63 ± 0.02^e