Variables

T2DM (n = 480)

Male

(n = 205)

Female

(n = 275)

P

Value

No. (100%)

No. (42.7%)

No. (57.3%)

Age (years)

Mean ± SD

49.0 ± 10.9

49.0 ± 10.6

49.1 ± 11.1

0.395

Marital status

Married

465 (96.9)

202 (98.5)

263 (95.6)

0.058

Unmarried

15.0 (3.1)

3.0 (1.5)

12.0 (4.4)

Educational level

Low education

216 (45.0)

72.0 (35.1)

144 (52.4)

0.001

High education

264 (55.0)

133 (64.9)

131 (47.6)

Employment history

Yes

89.0 (18.5)

69.0 (33.7)

20.0 (7.3)

0.001

No

391 (81.5)

136 (66.3)

255 (92.7)

Family size

Less than five

168 (35.0)

63.0 (30.7)

105 (38.2)

0.055

Five or more

312 (65.0)

142 (69.3)

170 (61.8)

Monthly income

≤2000 (NIS)

410 (85.4)

160 (39.0)

250 (61.0)

0.001

>2000 (NIS)

70.0 (14.6)

45.0 (64.3)

25.0 (35.7)

Enough income

Yes

83.0 (17.3)

46.0 (55.4)

37.0 (44.6)

0.007

No

397 (82.7)

159 (40.1)

238 (59.9)

History of smoking

Yes

71.0 (14.8)

71.0 (100)

0.0 (0.00)

0.001

No

409 (85.2)

134 (32.8)

275 (67.2)

History of alcohol intake

No

480 (100)

205 (42.7)

275 (57.3)

-

Diabetes duration

Less than 5 years

126 (26.3)

54.0 (42.9)

72.0 (57.1)

0.285

Five to ten years

182 (37.9)

85.0 (46.7)

97.0 (53.3)

More than 10 years

172 (35.8)

66.0 (38.4)

106 (61.6)

Female menopausal status

Premenopausal

89.0 (18.5)

0.0 (0.00)

89.0 (100)

0.001

Postmenopausal

186 (38.8)

0.0 (0.00)

186 (100)

Male

205 (42.7)

205 (100)

0.0 (0.00)

Dietary supplement use

Yes

214 (44.6)

22.0 (10.3)

192 (89.7)

0.001

No

266 (55.4)

183 (68.8)

83.0 (31.2)

Waist circumference (cm)

Mean ± SD

104.7 ± 17

101.2 ± 14.8

107.3 ± 18.1

0.002

Body mass index (kg/m²)

Mean ± SD

30.3 ± 6.11

28.3 ± 4.83

31.8 ± 6.53

0.001

Physical activity (Total MET)

Mean ± SD

1294.1 ± 1430

1613.4 ± 1641

1056.0 ± 1200

0.001