Constructs | Measure | Reference | Subscales/questions (number of items) | Score | Reliability |
Well-being and relationships | PERMA-Profiler | Butler & Kern, 2015 | Positive Emotion (3), Engagement (3), Relationships (3), Meaning (3), Accomplishment (3), Negative Emotion (3), Health (1), Loneliness (1), Overall Happiness (1) | 11-point ranging from 0 to 10 | Overall reliability α = 0.94; reliability of subscales range from 0.72 to 0.92 |
Loneliness | UCLA Loneliness Scale | Russell, Peplau, & Ferguson, 1978 | N/A (20) | Never (0) Rarely (1) Sometimes (2) Often (3) | High internal consistency (coefficient α ranging from 0.89 to 0.94); high test-retest reliability over a one-year period (r = 0.73) |
Screen time | N/A | N/A | How long the participants spend on all types of screens every day | In hours and minutes | N/A |
How long the participants spend on different types of screens every day | In hours and minutes | ||||
How pleasurable they rate their screen use on average | 10-point ranging from 1 to 10 | ||||
How meaningful they rate their screen use on average | 10-point ranging from 1 to 10 | ||||
Demographics | N/A | N/A | Age, gender, marital status, highest level of education, occupation, employment status, work hours | N/A | N/A |