Constructs

Measure

Reference

Subscales/questions (number of items)

Score

Reliability

Well-being and relationships

PERMA-Profiler

Butler & Kern, 2015

Positive Emotion (3),

Engagement (3),

Relationships (3),

Meaning (3),

Accomplishment (3),

Negative Emotion (3),

Health (1),

Loneliness (1),

Overall Happiness (1)

11-point ranging from 0 to 10

Overall reliability α = 0.94;

reliability of subscales range from 0.72 to 0.92

Loneliness

UCLA Loneliness Scale

Russell, Peplau, & Ferguson, 1978

N/A (20)

Never (0)

Rarely (1)

Sometimes (2)

Often (3)

High internal consistency (coefficient α ranging from 0.89 to 0.94); high test-retest reliability over a one-year period (r = 0.73)

Screen time

N/A

N/A

How long the participants spend on all types of screens every day

In hours and minutes

N/A

How long the participants spend on different types of screens every day

In hours and minutes

How pleasurable they rate their screen use on average

10-point ranging from 1 to 10

How meaningful they rate their screen use on average

10-point ranging from 1 to 10

Demographics

N/A

N/A

Age, gender, marital status, highest level of education, occupation, employment status, work hours

N/A

N/A