Author & Journal | Studies | Study Sample | Comment |
Pressley et al. 2005 Movement Disorders | Disparities in the Recording of PD on Death Certificates | Black non-Hispanic 37/751 (4.9%) White, non-Hispanic 676/751 (90.0%) Hispanic/other 38/751 (5.1%) | By studying the prevalence of PD based on death certificates the findings showed socioeconomic biases confounding the results. |
Cheng et al. 2008 Parkinsonism and Related Disorders | Disparities of care in veterans with Parkinson’s | Non-Hispanic White N = 309/374 (82.62%) African-American N = 65/374 (9.35%) Hispanic or Latino N = 30/374 (8.02%) Asian N = 11/374 (2.94%) Native American N = 1/375 (0.27%) | 6% racial/ethnic disparity of adherence to PD quality indicators among non-Hispanic whites compared to non-whites with PD. |
Dahodwala et al. 2009 Annals of Neurology | Treatment disparities in Parkinson's Disease | African-American N = 43 (14%) White N = 264 (86%) | African-American patients did not receive similar treatment for PD compared to white patients. |
Dahodwala et al. 2009 Movement Disorders | Racial Differences in the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease | Non-Hispanic White N = 123,489 (68%) Black N = 50,808 (28%) Hispanic/Latino N = 7,974 (4%) | PD diagnosis among African- Americans was half the rate of whites. |
Willis et al. 2009 Neuroepidemiology | Geographic and Ethnic Variation in Parkinson Disease: A Population-Based Study of US Medicare Beneficiaries | White N = 25,581,561 (86.6%) Black N = 2,356,271 (8.0%) Hispanic N = 593,234 (2.0%) Asian N = 470,024 (1.6%) Native American N = 96,262 (0.3%) Unknown N = 66,448 (0.2%) Other N = 367,034 (1.2%) | 1. The mean prevalence of PD per 100,000 is 1.6% of the elderly population over 65 years of age. 2. Prevalence in Blacks and Asians was 50% lower compared to Whites. 3. Blacks have a higher PD related morbidity than whites. |
Yacoubian et al. 2009 Neuroepidemiology | Racial Differences in Parkinson’s Disease Medication Use in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study | Black N = 10,123 (41.7%) White N = 14,242 (58.3%) | 1. Whites more frequently used PD medications compared with blacks. 2. The group without health insurance was less likely to take PD medications. |
Dahodwala et al. 2011 Neuroepidemiology | Delayed Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis among African-Americans: The role of reporting of disability | African-American N = 16 (22%) White N = 58 (78%) | Newly diagnosed PD among African- Americans were found to have a greater motor impairment compared to whites. |
Hemming et al. 2011 Archives Neurology | Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Parkinsonism | Total population N = 1090 African-American N = 66 (6.05%) White N = 1024 (93.94%) | African-Americans were found to have a higher disability and disease severity compared with whites at a tertiary Movement Disorders Center. |
Dahodwala et al. 2012 PLOS ONE | Validation of an Instrument to Measure Older Adults’ Expectations Regarding Movement (ERM) | Total population N = 192 African-American N = 60 (31%) White N = 119 (62%) Latino N = 3 (2%) | Understanding expectations about movement among the elderly through development of a scale. |
Tilley et al. 2012 Clinical Trials | A randomized recruitment intervention trial in Parkinson’s disease to increase participant diversity: early stopping for lack of efficacy [15] | Caucasian N = 1572 (90.2%) African-American N = 40 (2.3%) Hispanic/Latino N = 75 (4.3%) Asian N = 42 (2.4%) Other N = 13 (0.8%) | The Ancillary Trial lacked the overall number of participants that were needed for true analysis and was stopped early. |