Author & Journal

Studies

Study Sample

Comment

Pressley et al. 2005 Movement Disorders

Disparities in the Recording of PD on Death Certificates

Black non-Hispanic 37/751 (4.9%) White, non-Hispanic 676/751 (90.0%) Hispanic/other 38/751 (5.1%)

By studying the prevalence of PD based on death certificates the findings showed socioeconomic biases confounding the results.

Cheng et al. 2008 Parkinsonism and Related Disorders

Disparities of care in veterans with Parkinson’s

Non-Hispanic White N = 309/374 (82.62%) African-American N = 65/374 (9.35%) Hispanic or Latino N = 30/374 (8.02%) Asian N = 11/374 (2.94%) Native American N = 1/375 (0.27%)

6% racial/ethnic disparity of adherence to PD quality indicators among non-Hispanic whites compared to non-whites with PD.

Dahodwala et al. 2009 Annals of Neurology

Treatment disparities in Parkinson's Disease

African-American N = 43 (14%) White N = 264 (86%)

African-American patients did not receive similar treatment for PD compared to white patients.

Dahodwala et al. 2009 Movement Disorders

Racial Differences in the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

Non-Hispanic White N = 123,489 (68%) Black N = 50,808 (28%) Hispanic/Latino N = 7,974 (4%)

PD diagnosis among African- Americans was half the rate of whites.

Willis et al. 2009 Neuroepidemiology

Geographic and Ethnic Variation in Parkinson Disease: A Population-Based Study of US Medicare Beneficiaries

White N = 25,581,561 (86.6%) Black N = 2,356,271 (8.0%) Hispanic N = 593,234 (2.0%) Asian N = 470,024 (1.6%) Native American N = 96,262 (0.3%) Unknown N = 66,448 (0.2%) Other N = 367,034 (1.2%)

1. The mean prevalence of PD per 100,000 is 1.6% of the elderly population over 65 years of age.

2. Prevalence in Blacks and Asians was 50% lower compared to Whites.

3. Blacks have a higher PD related morbidity than whites.

Yacoubian et al. 2009 Neuroepidemiology

Racial Differences in Parkinson’s Disease Medication Use in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study

Black N = 10,123 (41.7%) White N = 14,242 (58.3%)

1. Whites more frequently used PD medications compared with blacks.

2. The group without health insurance was less likely to take PD medications.

Dahodwala et al. 2011 Neuroepidemiology

Delayed Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis among African-Americans: The role of reporting of disability

African-American N = 16 (22%) White N = 58 (78%)

Newly diagnosed PD among African- Americans were found to have a greater motor impairment compared to whites.

Hemming et al. 2011 Archives Neurology

Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Parkinsonism

Total population N = 1090 African-American N = 66 (6.05%) White N = 1024 (93.94%)

African-Americans were found to have a higher disability and disease severity compared with whites at a tertiary Movement Disorders Center.

Dahodwala et al. 2012 PLOS ONE

Validation of an Instrument to Measure Older Adults’ Expectations Regarding Movement (ERM)

Total population N = 192 African-American N = 60 (31%) White N = 119 (62%) Latino N = 3 (2%)

Understanding expectations about movement among the elderly through development of a scale.

Tilley et al. 2012 Clinical Trials

A randomized recruitment intervention trial in Parkinson’s disease to increase participant diversity: early stopping for lack of efficacy [15]

Caucasian N = 1572 (90.2%) African-American N = 40 (2.3%) Hispanic/Latino N = 75 (4.3%) Asian N = 42 (2.4%) Other N = 13 (0.8%)

The Ancillary Trial lacked the overall number of participants that were needed for true analysis and was stopped early.