CFD model

RIAM-COMPACT

Meteodyn WT

Turbulence model

Standard

Smagorinsky LES

k-L RANS

(A single equation model)

Atmospheric stratification

(Atmospheric stability)

Neutral atmosphere

Coriolis force

Not considered

Surface roughness

Not considered

(Smooth surface)

Roughness length: 0.05

(For the ground surface not on the isolated hill: 0.001)

Ground surface

boundary condition

Non-slip condition

(Three wind velocity components at the ground surface are zero.)

Shape function of the isolated hill z (r)

0.5h × {1 + cos(πr/a)} r = (x² + y²)1/2, a = 2h

Height of the isolated hill h

100 (m)

Reynolds number Re (=U_inh/ν)

10⁶

10⁷

Time step Δt

10⁻⁵ h/U_in (s)

-

Computational domain size

19h (i) × 18h (j) × 8h (k)

Number of computational grid points

436 (i) × 325 (j) × 101 (k)

(Approx. 14.3 million points)

436 (i) × 325 (j) × 37 (k)

(Approx. 5.2 million points)

Streamwise (x) grid spacing (Δx)

(0.035 - 0.5) × h

Spanwise (y) grid spacing (Δy)

Vertical (z) grid spacing (Δz)

(0.0001 - 0.6) × h

(0.005 - 1.2) × h