45

Killick, T. (2000). “Fragile Still? The Economy of Ghana, 1960-94” in Economic Reforms in Ghana, Miracle or Mirage. (eds). Aryeetey, E., J. Harrigan and M. Nissanke, Oxford, James Currey and Accra, Woeli Publishers.

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3

Rent seeking in the public sector in Ghana contributes to economic malaise.

46

Killick, T. (2010). Development economics in action: a study of economic policies in Ghana (2. ed). London: Routledge.

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Perverse economic policies, political instability and fiscal indiscipline in the public sector deepened Ghana’s economic woes.

47

Mansfield, C. (1980). “Tax Base Erosion and Inflation: The Case of Ghana”, in Finance and Development, September 1980, page 34.

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Economic mismanagement in public sector leads to deteriorating living conditions.

48

Lorenz EN. 1972. Predictability: Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas. American Association for the Advancement of Science. http://www.chaostheory.

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In a globalized world corruption by the middle class in SSA sets off a vicious cycle of deteriorating economic fortunes, inequality, poverty and instability.

49

Ncube et al. (2011)

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Human capital development in SSA would lead to the growth and rise of the middle class amidst economic prosperity.

50

Norman and Aviisah (2015)

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4

The root cause of corruption in the SSA could be traced to economic shocks and stresses exacerbated by political instabilities over time.

51

Gockel, A. F. (1995). The role of finance in economic development: the case of Ghana. An unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Manchester, U.K.

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Economic growth is essential for development and growth of the middle class.

52

Frimpong-Ansah (1991)

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Political economy factors affect economic growth.

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Ugaz, 2015 Corruption in Africa: 75 million people pay bribes.

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Corruption affects the quality of life of the ordinary citizens in SSA: imposes extreme economic burden.

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Ghana Public Accounts Committee report, 2014.

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Corruption is a disincentive to Ghana’s development.

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Ghana Controller’s and Accountant General Report, 2013

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Corruption is a burgeoning phenomenon in Ghana’s public sector.

56

Sivalingam, N. (2011). Medical paternalism and patient autonomy; the dualism doctors contend with. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 66(5), 421-422.

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The ethical principle of individual autonomy is sidestepped by family autonomy in some societies in SSA.

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Brothers, 1993

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Exposure to religious teaching and ethics reduces desire to engage in undesirable behavior such as corruption.