25

Norman, I., Awiah, B. M., Aikins, M. K., & Binka, F. N. (2014). The review of Ghana’s legislative preparedness to critical national risks: Terrorism and money laundering. Retrieved from http://journalissues.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Norman-et-al.pdf

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Ethical values are not operationalized exactly in SSA as by western industrialized nations.

26

Hull, L., David, A. S., Hyams, K. C., Unwin, C., Wessely, S. C., & Hotopf, M. (2002). Self-reported health Persian Gulf War veterans: a comparison of help-seeking and randomly ascertained cases. Military Medicine 167 (9): 747-752.

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Citizens in SSA who engage in corruption possess different characteristics (perhaps have been less exposed to ethical education) from those who do not. Therefore those who engage in corrupt practices are unrepresentative of the entire citizenry. This mimics a population with conflicted personalities in the discharge of their professional duties.

27

Huq, M. M. (1989). The economy of Ghana: The first 25 years since independence. St. Martin’s Press.

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Rent seeking by middle class citizens has had deteriorating consequences on the national economy.

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Hutchful, E. (2002). “Ghana’s adjustment experience: the paradox of reform”, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, Switzerland.

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Ditto

29

ISSER, (1995). State of the Ghanaian economy in 1994. Published by Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon.

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The cumulative effect of over two decades of fiscal indiscipline and rent seeking in the public sector has stagnated economic growth.

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UN Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals is issued as document A/68/970, (http://undocs.org/A/68/970) 2015

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Rent seeking behavior and corruption of the middle class in SSA militates against the desire to reach “The future we want” devoid of injustice, inequity and economic exclusion.

31

Easterly, W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84: 755-776.

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Corruption sustained by the middle class in SSA begets inequality which does cause underdevelopment.

32

Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J.F. (2001). Principles of biomedical Ethics. 5th Ed. Oxford University Press.

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Ethical values such as responsibility, non-malfeasance, respect, and beneficence are not operationalized exactly as in western nations in SSA. Family interest takes precedence over communal or societal interests.

33

Braddock III, C. H., Edwards, K. A., Hasenberg, N. M., Laidley, T. L., & Levinson, W. (1999). Informed decision making in outpatient practice: time to get back to basics. Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (December 22/29, 1999): 2313-20.

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Strategies to make corrupt practices a disincentive to citizens yield positive outcomes.