13

Klitgaard, R. (1998). International cooperation against corruption. Finance & Development, 35(1). Retrieved from http://209.133.61.144/external/Pubs/FT/fandd/1998/03/pdf/klitgaar.pdf

1

1/2

1

1/2

3

Public, civil and private officials (middle class) who are on top are unwilling to sacrifice their rents amidst low wages.

14

Mauro, P. (1998). Corruption: causes, consequences, and agenda for further research. Finance and Development, 35, 11-14.

1

1/2

1

1

3 1/2

Low wage middle class earners contribute to corruption.

15

Fanon (1961)

1/2

1/2

1

1/2

2 1/2

The national middle class fails to drive industrialization, acts as an intermediary between the nation and foreigners; incapable of fulfilling its role as bourgeoisie, operating only for private gain.

16

Braddock, C. H., Fihn, S. D., Levinson, W., Jonsen, A. R. and Pearlman, R. A. (1997). How doctors and patients discuss routine clinical decisions: informed decision-making in the outpatient setting. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12 (6): 339-345.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1

2 1/2

Strategies to make corrupt practices a disincentive to citizens yield positive outcomes.

17

Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth

1/2

1

1/2

1/2

2 1/2

Corruption decreases investment, thereby lowering economic growth.

18

Easterly, W., & Ross, L. (1997). “Africa’s growth tragedy: policies and ethnic divisions.”

1

1/2

1

1

3 1/2

A higher share of income for a middle class that is less ethnically divided translates into growth and development.

19

John Mukum Mbaku (2010). Corruption in Africa: causes, consequences and cleanups.

1

1

1

1

4

Corruption is interpreted by citizens in SSA as theft of public resources by civil servants.

20

Burton, L. A. (ed.) (1992). Religion and the family. New York: Haworth Press

1/2

1

1/2

1/2

2 1/2

Elevated levels of religiosity would mitigate desire to engage in corruption.

21

Durham Jr., C. W. (2008). State and religion in America: problems and perspective.; Brigham Young University Law Library, Provo, Utah http://www.iclrs.org/10/4/2011

1/2

1

1/2

1/2

2 1/2

It is challenging to completely separate religious beliefs from politics/state/circular life.

22

Feldman, N. (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

1/2

1

1/2

1/2

2 1/2

Ditto

23

Beita, P. B. (2008). French President’s religious mixing riles critics. Christianity Today.

1/2

1

1/2

1/2

2 1/2

Religiosity can result in desirable behavior outcomes.

24

Graham, C., Birdsall, N., & Pettinato, S. (2000). Stuck in the Tunnel: Is Globalisation Muddling the Middle Class? Centre on Social and Economic Dynamics WP, 14, 36.

1

1

1/2

1

3 1/2

The political support and economic participation of the middle class are critical to sustainable, market-oriented growth

and poverty reduction in the long-term.