Rice straw

Glucan 44.8% Xylan 20.8% Lignin 18.3%

0.5 M Na2CO3 pretreatment at 100˚C for 3 h

SSF using cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L), β-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) and Mucor hiemalis as fermenting organism at 37˚C, pH 5.5, 72 h and inoculum 1 g dry biomass L1

12.8 g∙L1, 154 g ethanol k∙g1 rice straw, 83% ethanol yield

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Rice straw

Two step pretreatment Step1: Dilute sulphuric acid (1% w/w) treatment at 100˚C for 2 h at 10% w/v ratio of rice straw; Step2: Sulphomethylation treatment at 160˚C for 5 h at 15% w/v of acid treated rice straw

SSF using cellulase (Onozuka R-10) and β-glucosidase and S. cerevisiae at 40˚C, 72 h and inoculum 5 mL yeast culture of 1.5*108 cells∙mL1

Ethanol concentration 40.6 g∙L1;

Ethanol yield 86.4%

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Palm empty fruit bunch 6.7 million tonnes annum1

Cellulose 50.3% Hemicellulose 23.3% Lignin 23.5% Ash 3.0%

Dilute H2SO4 (1% v/v) treatment at 125˚C for 90 min followed by NaOH (1% w/v) treatment at 100˚C, for 60 min

Enzymatic hydrolysis using Cellulase (Novozymes) at 50˚C for 72 h followed by fermentation using S. cerevisiae at 30˚C, pH 4.0, 72 h and inoculum 10% v/v

Ethanol 12.1 g∙L1; 89.1% of the theoretical ethanol yield

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